Fertilization and Fertilizer Types in Walnuts
In walnut cultivation, starting from the planting of saplings until they reach full yield and in order to get full yield continuously, the soil should be cultivated, irrigated, fertilized, diseases and pests should be fought. Here, we will explain the fertilization needs of the walnut sapling and tree in general.
Plants take most of their nutrients from the soil through their roots. If there is not enough nutrients to meet the needs of the grown plants in the soil, plant nutrients should be given to the soil through fertilization. If the soil is not fed, after a while the production decreases due to the lack of nutrients. The soil must be nourished in order to obtain sufficient and quality products.
Fertilizer; Compounds that contain one or more plant nutrients in beer are called fertilizers.
Fertilization; The process of applying fertilizers to the soil or directly to the plant is called fertilization.
1. Animal Manure;
The mixture consisting of the remains of the barn animals and their solid excrement and bedding is called animal manure.
Animal fertilizers provide essential nutrients for the growth of plants. It also makes the soil structure suitable for agriculture. It regulates the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil.
As a result of giving animal manure to the soil, the water holding capacity of the soil increases and its permeability is positively affected. Thus, it prevents water from flowing independently from the soil surface, evaporating and carrying and taking away arable land. Keeping the soil in the field with fertilization should be considered as a precaution against erosion danger.
Soils where barn manure is applied is easier to pan and process. It loosens the fragmentation of fine sandy soils, increases air gaps and gives the soil a suitable structure for plant growth.
One of the moist features of barn manure is that it is a rich source of micro-organisms. The barn manure mixed with the soil increases the number and activity of micro-organisms in the soil and accelerates biological changes.
The plant nutrients contained in barn manure differ according to the type of animal from which they are obtained. The nutrient content of barn manure obtained from sheep and chicken is higher than manure obtained from cattle and horse. The fertilizers of young animals are lower in terms of plant substances such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium than fertilizers obtained from old animals. Because young animals need and use more nutrients and proteins to develop their bone and muscle structure.
How Beneficial of Barn Fertilizers to Plants Depends on;
In order for barn manure to be beneficial to plants, the carbon / nitrogen ratio it contains is of great importance. This ratio is 60/1 in fresh beef manure and 40/1 in horseradish with litter. The carbon / nitrogen ratio in the fertilizer should be reduced to 15/1 or 20/1 with good care and combustion. If the barn manure is applied to the soil in fresh form, due to the high carbon / nitrogen ratio, the plant cannot benefit from it and dries in the soil. Therefore, care and fermentation of barn manure is necessary.
In order to prevent the loss of organic matter and nutrients in the manure, the manure should be buried under the soil with a plow as soon as it is given to the field. Otherwise, the fertilizer loses much of its value depending on the time it is kept in the field.
Usage Principles of Barn Fertilizers in Walnut Sapling Planting;
* Barn manure must be (2) annual burnt and fermented manure. It should be fertilizers that you are sure do not contain diseases. For this, barn fertilizers processed by factories are the most reliable.
* We can use 1/3 (2) annual burnt and disease-free animal manure in the whole soil that we will use in planting seedlings.
* If every (2) year, we can use animal manure by spreading it on the projection of the sapling or tree branches and mixing.
2. Commercial Fertilizers;
The most commonly used type of fertilizers is commercial fertilizers. Commercial fertilizers sold at fertilizer dealers contain one or more plant nutrients in their composition.
-Commercial fertilizers are divided into 4 main groups according to the nutrients they contain;
Nitrogenous fertilizers
Phosphorus-containing fertilizers
Potassium-containing fertilizers
As compound fertilizers
A. Nitrogenous Fertilizers;
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium nitrate and
It is Urea.
* Ammonium Sulphate; Ammonium sulphate is white in color. And because it looks like powdered sugar, it is known as sugar fertilizer among the people. Sometimes it can be light green, light blue or grayish green in color. Ammonium sulphate, which contains 21% nitrogen in its composition, may cause acidification if it is used for a long time in acid reaction soils. Therefore, ammonium nitrate should be used instead of ammonium sulfate.
* Ammonium Nitrate ; There is between 20 and 26 kg of pure nitrogen in 100 kg of ammonium nitrate.
* Urea; Urea, one of the nitrogenous fertilizers, is the fertilizer that contains the most nitrogen. There are 45-46 kilograms of pure nitrogen in 100 kilograms. It is completely water soluble, white in color and round grained. Urea is easily applied to all plants. It can also be used in autumn and spring fertilization, during the development period of the plant. In cases where urea needs to be given in excess, the amount to be given should be divided into several parts.
B. Phosphorus Fertilizers ;
Superphosphate
It comes in two types as triple superphosphate.
* Superphosphate; Superphosphate is in the form of particles, that is, granule appearance. Light gray or gray colored superphosphate contains 16-18% water-soluble phosphorous acid.
* Triple superphosphate; Another type of phosphorus fertilizer is triple superphosphate. There are between 43-46 kilograms of phosphorous acid per 100 kilograms. It is in the form of dirty white or gray grains. When stored in humid places for a long time, it absorbs water and becomes lumpy. If it is clumped, these clods can be broken and used.
C. Potassium Fertilizers;
Potassium sulfate
It is potassium nitrate.
Since the soil of our country is generally sufficient in terms of potassium, consumption of potash fertilizers is also limited. Potassium sulphate contains 48-52% potassium plant nutrients. Potassium nitrate contains 46% potassium plant nutrients.
Potassium fertilizers should only be used in appropriate amounts according to the analysis results given after soil analysis.
D. Compound Fertilizers;
Compound fertilizers contain more than one plant nutrient together. Plant nutrients in the compound fertilizer are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These are expressed in%, respectively.
For example, a compound fertilizer with a composition of 15-15-15 means that there are 15 kilograms of pure nitrogen, 15 kilograms of phosphorus and 15 kilograms of potassium oxide per 100 kilograms.
E. Diammonium phosphate;
Diammonium phosphate has a composition of 20-20-0, 26-13-0 and 15-15-15. Diammonium phosphate contains two important plant nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. It is in the form of dark gray or off-white particles. It contains approximately 3 kg of phosphorus per kilo of nitrogen. It can be used in all plants. There is approximately 65-70 kg of pure plant nutrients per 100 kg of diammonium phosphate.
There is 20 kilograms of pure nitrogen and 20 kilograms of pure phosphorus in 100 kilograms of the compound fertilizer in the composition of 20-20-0; potassium means no. It is in the form of gray-brown granules. It can be stored for a long time under suitable conditions and can be used in all kinds of soil.
There are basic plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potash in the 15-15-15 form of composite fertilizer. There are 15 kilograms of pure nitrogen, 15 kilograms of phosphorus and 15 kilograms of potassium in 100 kilograms of this fertilizer.
Fertilization methods:
Fertilizer is given to the soil, to the band, sprinkling, top or side fertilizing, spraying, drip irrigation whichever is appropriate. If we are applying the fertilizer in one of the above-mentioned forms, it is an important issue to determine the amount to be given before starting the application.
It should be known that too little or too much fertilizer will not be of much benefit.
In order to decide on the most suitable fertilizer type and amount, a soil sample must be taken from the field to be planted and analyzed.
Laboratories that determine the type and amount of fertilizer suitable for the soil help the farmer by preparing reports through soil analysis. Soil samples are analyzed chemically in laboratories.